The Military: An Impetus for Social Reform :: essays papers

The Military: An Impetus for Social Reform Revolutionary War The military since the Colonial Era has been an impetus for social reform in the United States. The Revolutionary War afforded Black Americans an opportunity to escape from the toils of slavery and fight for freedom. Some Black Americans even earned their freedom by fighting for the Colonists, but still the freedom they fought for wasn’t their own. However, the military was responsible for the freedom of many slaves and some of these freed slaves became legendary soldiers like Salem Poor. His performance in battle gave credibility for future arguments about blacks being allowed to serve. In the colonial era slavery was permissible by law in every colony. Blacks were 20% of the overall population of the 13 colonies and only 8% of them were free blacks (www.history.org). Colonists commonly used African slave labor despite the question of whether slavery was morally right. Life for blacks in the revolutionary period was one of slavery and discrimination. Only 8 percent of blacks were free [Edgar A Toppin. â€Å"Blacks in the American Revolution† (published essay, Virginia State University, 1976), p 1] and this so-called freedom merely meant that they could own and defend property. They weren’t allowed to mingle with whites and were wholly segregated. Blacks during this time period worked predominantly in the fields planting and harvesting Tobacco. They worked long hours and were likely to be sold at some point in their lives. This separated families and kept morale very low. Plantation slaves were also subject to brutal punishments because they weren’t regarded as having high value. However, with the onset of the Revolutionary War, the British invited blacks to join the British Army and in return, they would receive their freedom. Thoughts of wholesale desertion of slaves to the British regiments created a fear that swept throughout the colonies and led colonists to allow blacks to fight for the local militias and even the army. Serving in the Revolutionary War enabled many slaves to earn their freedom, but to their dismay, not equality. Although blacks served in segregated units, the military gave them opportunity to gain respect through acts of courage and valor. Black soldiers like Salem Poor gained respect from white men. Lemuel Haynes used his military experience to fight for abolition of slavery by writing the essay â€Å"Liberty Further Extended.

Planning And Leading A Complex Team Activity Essay

Be able to plan a complex team activity Since Malta joined the European Union in 2004, the free movement of goods and services within the community, brought about through membership, has re-defined the roles and relationships between suppliersand retailers. It has therefore become increasingly common for retailers to bypass importers/suppliers and purchase directly from the source. In the meantime, Malta being a country with limited natural resources, a favourable climate and long history, Malta’s economy has traditionally been highly dependent on tourism. As a direct result of the current global recession, the number of tourists visiting our island is expected to decline over the next 5 years. This set off an alarm to all importation and tourism dependent businesses causing them to review their business strategy and identify additional business opportunities. My line of business is the importation and distribution of silver filigree jewellery to retail outlets, which target mainly tourists, and summer accounts for about 80% of my total business. So, after I experienced slower than prior year’s growth in sales last year, I started giving serious consideration to opening a single or chain of retail outlets. My primary objective was to deliver my products to tourists directly and at the same time promoting my products instead of relying on my retail competitors to do it. My greatest concern at first was how to deal with the reaction of loyal retail clients to this proposed new strategy. Will they still be willing to purchase goods form me once they perceive me as a competitor instead of a reliable â€Å"partner†? However, eliminating the middle person should almost double my gross profit margin as well as provides me with greater control of my own destiny. In order to go down this path I will also have to consider the capital investment which will be required and the increase in operating costs this change in strategy will bring about. My experience as an entrepreneur has taught me that the competitive analysis of a business plan should be a statement of the business strategy and how this relates to the competition. My objectives therefore includedidentifying the strengths and weaknesses of my competitors within the market, as well as strategies that will provide an edge to develop and prevent my competitors from increasing their market share, and any weakness that can be exploited through product development. When I discussed my concerns with my financial adviser he suggested that I should conduct a feasibility study before embarking on a major change in strategy, and to ascertain that it will be bear fruit for at least ten (10) years. When the study was completed it resulted that, not only was it necessary to adopt this strategy, but that it should also increase profitability on the long run. I then proceeded to put together a five year business plan which identified the need to open at least four retail outlets during the first two years after implementation. However, in order to implement the new business strategy without disrupting the ongoing operations, a qualified project manager had to be identified and recruited in order to lead this project. Once this person was on board, his or her primary objective would be to create and manage the expansion of my business into retail with minimal negative impact on the existing import/distribution business. A New Project Manager was indeed recruited and his first recommendation was to operate the new retail business through a subsidiary entity in order to insulate the already established import and distribution business. He then also proposed setting up a special team, made up of five individuals already employed in the existing organisation, which he would chair, and would be actively involved in creating an action plan leading to the opening and operations of four retail outlets and an organisational structure for the operations of this new subsidiary. This included setting up separate sales, marketing, IT and administration divisions with each division head reporting to an operations manager. My own role would be expanded to that of shadow director of the new subsidiary in order to minimise the risk of damaging our relationship with existing retail clients. Therefore, the four individuals  who were selected to be part of this new project team included one person from each of the fo ur divisions of the current business operations. Re-engineering an already profitable business organisation naturally involves risk. However, if properly managed this will be a calculated one as long as all potential obstacles should be anticipated and properly dealt with. I have learned in the past that whoever is not willing to take risk is not a good leader. â€Å"To win without risk is to triumph without glory† (Pierre Corneille, Pratt, J, J, 2009). One of the cornerstones of the new retail operations is to create uniformity for all four outlets. This included consistent decor, same opening and closing times and days and staffed by smartly dressed sales staff. The action plan created by the new project team listed the need to identify the locations of the four stores as top priority and that negotiating leases would be the responsibility of the project manager. The plan also called for staffing each store with two sales assistants and one store manager. The marketing department would be staffed by one individual to start and the administration department would require a full time human resources professional and one part-time person. This meant that we needed to recruit 15 new employees to make up four sales teams and support for these. The present IT manager’s role would be expanded to support the requirements of the new subsidiary. It will be necessary however to out-source the initial set-up and integration of the new subsidiary operations into the existing IT system and therefore create a centralised data base for all the silver items for all the shops to have access to all stocks. This would enable shops to offer customers special high value items which they do not typically stock in their outlet. Be able to communicate information on the activity to your team. The new project team was scheduled to meet every Tuesday and Thursday of each week from 8.30am till 10.30am. Minutes of each meeting were kept and shared at the beginning of each meeting with each team member. The team chairperson met with me every Friday from 8.30am till 10.30am to keep me  updated on progress and to obtain my feedback. This helped to set a clear framework for all the activities, roles, tasks and goals set by the team. Each team member was chosen to fill a specific role in order to achieve our final objective based on their expertise and experience. The first team meeting was attended by myself, the New Project Manager and the five team members. After introducing the New Project Manager to the team I briefed them on the purpose and aims of this new business activity and provided them the opportunity to ask questions, make any comments and even raise any concerns. The team member from the Sales Division was assigned the responsibility to make recommendations relating to the ideal locations and optimal size of the four shops, as well as the desirable qualifications of the retail Sales staff. Recommendations had to be both realistic and achievable, taking into consideration the high cost of retail space on the island and the limited number of applicants which would be available to choose from. The team member from the Marketing Division was assigned the responsibility to create an image of the retail shop network as well as to propose a three year advertising plan mainly aimed at tourists. Cost projections were to be presented with these recommendations and these had to be in conformity with the resources budgeted for this activity. A member from Finance was also selected to be included in this team. Finance was to first develop a detailed budget for this project which I had to approve. All expenditures related to this project were to be accounted for separately in the finance system in order to closely monitor the project activities. These costs were to be treated as nonrecurring in order to keep them separate from ongoing operations. The Finance team member was also required to set up a financial system for the new subsidiary, separately from the current financial system. However, the two systems were to be compatible in order to facilitate periodic consolidation. The team member from Administration was also responsible for human resource  matters. This team member was assigned the task of searching for the stores to lease in accordance venue recommendations made by sales team member. Human resources were asked to develop an organisation chart for the new subsidiary, preparing job descriptions for the prospective employees, designing vacancy notifications and interviewing prospective candidates. The IT team member would be responsible for identifying the hardware and software requirements for the integration of the subsidiary into the existing IT system. Input from the Sales and Finance team members were critical in identifying specifications required and preparing requests for quotations from at least three different suppliers for the acquisition and installation of these services and hardware. Each team member was required to provide a weekly update on their assignments to be presented at each meeting. Every communication needed to be clear and supported by a task chart. Each team member was also given the opportunity to ask for more details if they were not clear on some topic or if they felt that one member’s actions conflicted in any way with their own plans. For example, it was proposed by the Sales Team member that the shop assistants would need to prepare an order at the end of each week to replenish their stocks. The IT team member had proposed an automated system to do this instead. Be able to review own ability to lead a team through a complex activity This system, though slow to yield results in the beginning, worked well and continued to improve as each member saw how their role and contribution fit into the overall objective. The New Project Manager made sure that each member felt empowered and accountable for his or her role in the project and, as importantly, that the entire team would take credit for the success of the project, not just the team manager. This helped build up team spirit and made every team member feel committed to make the project a complete success. Each team member’s progress report was matched to the master time chart prior  to my weekly meeting with the New Project Manager who also came prepared with proposed solutions to solve any deviation from the plan. Once we agreed on the solutions, these were communicated to the team members at the next Tuesday team meeting. In order to effectively manage a team, such as the one assembled for this complex activity, motivating the team had to be a leader’s top priority. This was achieved by encouraging their participation and asking each member to share their ideas during team meetings. A leader’s role is that of facilitator and coordinator, allowing each team member to take responsibility for their share of the full task and obtaining their commitment to deliver. A leader’s effectiveness is therefore judged by the success of the team in achieving a goal such as the one at hand, namely to set up a chain of four retail outlets to compliment the import and distribution business. Bibliography Pratt, J, J, 2009. Turtle on a Fence Post: Wisdom Graduates Need to Make It in the Real World, 365 Days of Life Lessons. 1st ed. UK: Agio Publishing House, 2009.

Rime of the Ancient Mariner - Elements of Gothic - 1458 Words

â€Å"’Rime of the Ancient Mariner’ is a poem that is just too full of the gothic and the unearthly and too removed from reality†. How far do you agree with this statement? The ‘Rime of the Ancient Mariner’ is a poem from the Romantics period in literature and is written by Coleridge who collaborated with Wordsworth on the ‘Lyrical Ballads’. It is about a Mariner who stops one of three wedding guests and tells him a story of when he set sail and all that happens. The poem meddles and swarms in the supernatural and the gothic which adds to the tension and questions surrounding the poem. As the poem is so encased in the other-worldly, we need the grounding of reality to try and collect their thoughts. The wedding quest allows us to have this†¦show more content†¦The water-sprite is associated with fairies and is said to be an elemental so in this case, water as they are in the ocean and are sailors. The sentence it is used in is â€Å"As if it dodged a water-sprite,† which helps relate to the history behind the creature as they are supposed to only be violent when threatened. If the ship is described as dodging th em then something very dark and scary is about to happen. In the next stanza, the supernatural take effect by mentioning â€Å"throats unslaked†, and â€Å"black lips baked† and â€Å"sucked the blood†. This is all ‘Twilight zone’ so it shows that true horror does happen. This is also a main part as it’s the first real taste of horror and death that we have encountered. When reading this, the wedding guest, and the audience by default, are rushed with shivers and goose bumps. When a person gets dehydrated, their lips turn black and by adding â€Å"throats unslaked† just simply means their thirsty. This causes sympathy and pain in the reader and audience as it would be unimaginable pain and something no one should endure. As soon as they would hear â€Å"sucked the blood†, someone would automatically think ‘Vampire’ or ‘Creature of the night’ if we were back in the Romanticism period. Although it may have saved this mans life as he needed moisture in his throat to alert his crew that there was another ship coming close and if blood was the only sustenanceShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of The Poem Frankenstein And The Rime Of The Ancient Mariner 1131 Words   |  5 PagesAn Analysis of Gothic Elements in Frankenstein and The Rime of The Ancient Mariner Henry Wadsworth once said: â€Å"Every man has his secret sorrows which the world knows not; and often times we call a man cold when he is only sad.† Such untold sorrows are what plague two very distinct characters in two very distinct works of literature. Mary Shelley’s Frankenstein tells of Victor Frankenstein’s torment as he is plagued by his creation; Samuel Coleridge’s The Rime of The Ancient Mariner is the sinisterRead MoreThe Rime Of The Ancient Mariner By Samuel Taylor Coleridge925 Words   |  4 Pagesbegins with a single step.† The poem The Rime of the Ancient Mariner by Samuel Taylor Coleridge is a famous Romantic work about a mariner and his crew on an overseas journey. While on this journey, they encounter some rough weather. However, a sea bird, the albatross, leads the men out of the ice and fog. For some reason unknown to the readers, the Mariner shoots the albatross, and the whole ship and crew are cursed by God. It isn’t un til after the Mariner learns his lesson that the curse is liftedRead MoreOld Norse Literary Traditions : Causes And Consequences Of Gothic Literature1547 Words   |  7 Pages Gothic literature founded its origins in Old Norse literary traditions crafted by the Gothic peoples of Scandinavia (Monnet)(â€Å"Goth†). Common tropes native to Old Norse literature include the protagonist suffering punishment for failing â€Å"to observe the heroic code†, references to the supernatural including â€Å"soothsayers, ghosts, incantations, gory imagery, and the eagerness of a bloody death†, and using the human body as a medium to explore â€Å"social issues such as aristocratic privilege, as well asRead MoreEssay Biblical Symbolism in Rime of the Ancient Mariner1004 Words   |  5 PagesSamuel Taylor Coleridges poem The Rime of the Ancient Mariner, written in 1797, has been widely discussed throughout literary history. Although critics have come up with many different interpretations of this poem, one idea that has remained prevalent throughout these discussions is the apparent religious symbolism present throughout this poem. The Ancient Marine r contains natural, gothic, and biblical symbolism; however, the religious and natural symbolism, which coincide with one another,Read MorePoetry Is Not Just The Vision Of The Writer1036 Words   |  5 Pages poetry can grip the heart—the mind can be an awfully dark place. Within gothic poetry the horror and fears of the poet lie just beyond the words of the poem itself. The words are emotional viscera given form. Poetry is aesthetic and inspiring and its brevity extends it to forms beyond itself. The works of romantic poets have been recycled and reimagined as a result of our continued love affair with the ideas of the gothic and supernatural. The works of various authors, directors, artists, and musiciansRead MoreColeridge And The Exploration Of The Supernatural Essay2407 Words   |  10 Pagesof the following themes: the supernatural, good and evil, transformation, and influence. In order to explore these themes within Coleridge’s work I have selected two poems to research, the poems are the following: â€Å"Christabel† and â€Å"The Rime of The Ancient Mariner.† The two poems that I have chosen incorporate all the themes I have mentioned. When these themes are used to unify a work it brings about ambiguity and uncertainty to the reader. According to Stoll, superstition and the supernaturalRead More Samuel Taylor Coleridge Essay1981 Words   |  8 Pagespublished some of Coleridge’s anti-war poems including: Fire, Famine, and Slaughter: A war Eclogue (Lycos.com 3). Most of Coleridge’s work is known for his ability to, open up poetry to the realm of mystery and magic, in which materials from ancient folklore, superstition and demonology are used to impress upon the reader the sense of occult powers and unknown modes of being (Abrams 9). Although Coleridge had been productive, it was not until his friendship with William Wordsworth that heRead MoreThe Mysteries Of Udolpho, Frankenstein, And The Rime Of The Ancient Mariner1249 Words   |  5 Pagesof matchmaking, fall fashions and the propriety of social actions? Pre-dash, the elements of Gothic fiction permeate and resonate throughout the Romantic era and are included in analysis of many such fiction and prose. The Mysteries of Udolpho, Frankenstein, The Rime of the Ancient Mariner, etc. display said aspects and can be considered works of true Gothic horror. Emily St. Aubert (from Udolpho) acts in the Gothic fashion when, examining the secret chambers of the deceased Marchioness, she witnessesRead MoreInfluence of The Metamorphoses and Paradise Lost in Frankenstein by Mary Shelley891 Words   |  4 PagesInfluence of The Metamorphoses and Paradise Lost in Frankenstein by Mary Shelley Frankenstein, possibly Mary Wollstonecraft Shelleys most well-known work, is considered by some to be the greatest Gothic Romance Novel. Due to her marriage to Percy Bysshe Shelley and close friendship with other prolific Romantic authors and poets, namely Lord Byron, Shelleys works permeate with Romantic themes and references. Also present in Frankenstein are obvious allusions to The Metamorphoses by OvidRead MorePlot in England in the Wuthering Heights by Emily Bronte709 Words   |  3 Pagesthat each person who was wronged in some way gets what Heathcliff feels they deserve. The plot is obviously the most prominent of the three although everything takes place in the same places. The names are all intertwined to show the good and bad elements of both characters. Emily Bronte does a remarkable job of making the characters all have meaning for the story. Question IIA: Romantism is important in poetry because it presents feelings and emotion first and outcome and wit last. The writer

The American Character Essay - 1814 Words

Washington Irving expertly reflects American history in his piece of 1819 â€Å"Rip Van Winkle.† Unbeknownst to Rip Van Winkle, the colonies are now free of British rule as Irving writes, â€Å"Here a general shout burst from the bystanders—‘A Tory! a Tory! a spy! A refugee! hustle him! Away with him’† (Matthews, 2007, para. 36). Rip enters the village armed, ignorant of the fact that he presents the look of a loyalist. The question of being a refugee is preferable to accusations of being a Tory, as a colonist refugee would not claim British loyalty which Rip did openly saying â€Å"’†¦And a loyal subject of the king, God bless him’† (Matthews, 2007, para. 35). If Rip had not been justified by one who once knew him, there could have been an†¦show more content†¦Irving’s keen writing exemplifies his historical insight in the tale â€Å"Rip Van Winkle.† Strong puritan beliefs are discussed in Nathaniel Hawthorne’s piece of 1835 â€Å"Young Goodman Brown.† An important question rises that ignites more questions on the role of God versus the devil in how we live our lives, the choices we make, and our uncertain salvation. Do we look to God or succumb to the temptation of the devil? Hawthorne writes, â€Å"’What if the devil himself should be at my very elbow’† (Hawthorne, 2011, para. 9). His uncertain curiosity leads him down a wicked path of which the devil continuously pursues him and he struggles with his own conflicting thoughts, identity, and Faith. Hawthorne historically reflects the Puritans in their relentless struggle to become perfect in the eyes of God. Under the Puritan doctrine it’s common for individuals to live a life of uncertainty, never knowing whether God is pleased. This dilemma is characterized by their daring desire to please themselves and still feel spiritual ful fillment. Goodman Brown expresses his fears as well as his hopes when Hawthorne states, â€Å"’Faith! Faith!’ cried the husband, ‘look up to Heaven, and resist the wicked one’† (Hawthorne, 2011, para. 69). In this declaration Goodman Brown advocates good while identifying evil as he renounces Satan. Puritan history dictates that only strong belief in God makes resisting Satan possible. It is daily repentance of sin which results inShow MoreRelatedAmerican Character - Then and Now2118 Words   |  9 PagesAmerican Character - Then and Now A notion that still holds strong today, Fredrick Jackson Turners idea of American character was one based on trials and experiences. Unlike Crevecour, Turner believed that American character was not simply a product of English character transported to America, but rather another idea altogether (Faragher 63). He expressed this opinion the best when he said, In the crucible of the frontier the immigrants were Americanized, liberated, and fused into a mixedRead MoreCharacter Analysis Of American Assassin1617 Words   |  7 PagesThe book I read was American Assassin, by Vance Flynn. It has 435 pages in it. In this book, the main character is a strong, determined fighter who has had a tragedy occur in his life. I compared the personality and the events that the main character, Mitch Rapp, faced with the song Believer, by Imagine Dragons. The song is about someone who faces many challenges in his life, but uses it to develop strength, which is something that Mitch Rapp does in America n Assassin. American Assassin is aboutRead More american character - then and now Essay2086 Words   |  9 Pages nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;American Character - Then and Now nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;A notion that still holds strong today, Fredrick Jackson Turner’s idea of American character was one based on trials and experiences. Unlike Crevecour, Turner believed that American character was not simply a product of English character transported to America, but rather another idea altogether (Faragher 63). He expressed this opinion the bestRead MoreThe Damage Of The American Dream Character Analysis752 Words   |  4 PagesThe Damage of the American Dream The Great Gatsby by F. Scott Fitzgerald, wonderfully shows how the values of characters in the novel set the time period of the 1920s. The major characters in the story has clear motives and values which helps the reader understand high society before The Great Depression, and give a clear indication that the theme of the book is a twisted view of the American Dream. Nick Carraway is the first persona we are introduced to and arguably the most important; as he isRead MoreThe Unique Character Of America And The American People1721 Words   |  7 PagesCharacter: The Unique Character of America and the American people Throughout history, American has been characterized as a distinctive country. One with its own particular set of rules and customs that make its culture very different from cultures in other parts of the world. The idea of a unique America gives rise to two main ideas: The uniqueness of America and the effect of its uniqueness on its people. Many writers and great thinkers have incorporated these ideas into their writings. A commonlyRead MoreAmory Blaine : A True American Character1586 Words   |  7 PagesA True American Character One of the major characteristics of a great novel is its potential to depict characters that are representative of a specific society, its ideology, its conventions, and its worldview. Analyzing from the perspective of characterization, F. Scott Fitzgerald’s novel â€Å"This Side of Paradise† should be considered as one of the greatest novels ever written in the realm of American literature because emphasizing on the development of the central protagonist’s character in the novelRead MoreAmerican Beauty Character Analysis Essay653 Words   |  3 PagesAmerican Beauty Character Analysis Everyone knows the Golden Rule: Do unto others as you would have them do unto you. But is this necessarily always true? Apparently not to Kevin Spacey as he played the role of Lester Burnham in the 1999 film American Beauty. His rule was When youve got nothing to lose, you might as well risk everything. Lester Burnham and his wife, Carolyn, portray a perfect lifestyle to the naked eye. Everyone sees Lester as a man with a perfect high-paying job and a perfectRead MoreAmerican Sphinx : The Character Of Thomas Jefferson3030 Words   |  13 PagesAmerican Sphinx: The Character of Thomas Jefferson, a biography by Joseph Ellis, encompasses many aspects of one of the most controversial and unforgettable American Founding Fathers. Thomas Jefferson, the author of the Declaration of Independence and a man of astonishing achievements, left behind a legacy of paradoxes and mysteries, which are thoroughly analyzed throughout the novel. Unlike some people, who are easily characterized and have definite opinions, Thomas Jefferson’s beliefs and intentionsRead MoreAnalysis of Characters in Ugly American by by Burdick and Lederer1796 Words   |  8 PagesThe next character I will mention is Honorable Gilbert MacWhite, who replaced Ambassador Sears in Sarkhan. This character functioned in c omplete contrast to Sears. He understood the sensitivity of the US mission in Sarkhan and how vulnerable the Sarkhanese government was to potential communist influences. He also understood the communist threat and did not underestimate it. MacWhite’s understanding of the operational environment was clear from the beginning and made constant efforts in understandingRead MoreAmerican Sphinx The True Character Of Thomas Jefferson Analysis963 Words   |  4 Pagesthird president of the United States of America, but the majority are biographies. In the book American Sphinx: The True Character of Thomas Jefferson, author, Joseph J. Ellis, writes about the character of Thomas Jefferson, by examining his thoughts, actions, and writings in different periods of his life. Ellis starts off the first chapter of his book with what many would call a blemish on one’s character, owning slaves. Throughout Jefferson’s life, he owned give or take 200 slaves. But, between

Essay on How Does Facebook and Twitter Affect Social...

Today, we live in a world that is more interconnected than ever before. The invention of the internet, cellphones, and computers have almost made everyone and everything within the reach of our fingertips. With the evolution of communications technology, methods of political participation and civic engagement have also changed to adapt to this advance made by mankind. Before, our choice was limited to holding demonstrations, going out to the streets, and protesting in order for our voices to be heard. Consequently, we had no choice but to resort to lobbying and writing letters to politicians for our concerns to be known. In the present time, communication among people has been made easier with the aid of technology. Cellphones and†¦show more content†¦Specifically, it is social media that has increased the capability of different actors – activists, citizens, non-governmental institutions, media - to connect and relate with each other in terms of the various political issues that is present in our society. It has provided the platform where a new agora in the modern era can be established. Truly, social media has made it easier for citizens to share information among themselves and has lowered the cost of participating in society. Statement of the Problem The accessability to participation that the internet brings was initially thought to enhance and increase political participation. Unfortunately, social media isn’t as helpful as it was initially thought out to be. Some scholars have stated that ‘slacktivism’ or political activities done through the internet have no political or social impact whatsoever. Slacktivism only serves the purpose of making these supposed ‘activists’ feel good about themselves. It makes slacktivists think that they are significantly contributing to a cause that they believe in by doing nothing more than joining a Facebook group or signing a petition. These actions make slacktivists think that they have done something that can change how society is which is why they are less likely to go out in the streets. Moreover, these online activities have been criticized as being a hindrance to change since, as said by Putnam (quoted in Christensen 2011), â€Å"people are unableShow Mo reRelatedThe Importance Of Social Media996 Words   |  4 Pagesâ€Å"Social media is a term used to describe the type of media that is based on conversation and interaction between people online. Social media are media designed to be disseminated through social interaction, using highly accessible and scalable publishing techniques.† - Wikipedia For almost two decades, the web has changed the world and revolutionized how information is stored, published, searched and consumed. The ripple effect has spread so wide that it impacts not just businesses and industriesRead MoreThe Impact Of Social Media On Business1720 Words   |  7 Pagesbusinesses was paper advertisements is long gone with the creation and evolution of social media. Social media websites such as Facebook and Twitter allow for a greater interaction between businesses and their customers. There are many different ways that businesses use social media today to promote their brand. For example, some companies offer special promotions for their social media fans. The number one focus when using social media is communication between current and potential consumers and the businessRead MoreSocial Media Personas vs Real-Life Behavior1519 Words   |  7 Pages Twitter use involves special factors that create a unique psychological environment for the user. Amichai-Hamburger (2007) believed that with the help of Twitter people could easily maintain their anonymity by making multiple accounts. In fact, users can choose a false name and falsify or hide other personal and identifying details. Turkle’s (2002) theory that people under secrecy tend to express themselves more freely and sincerely than they would in a face-to-face interaction since they are notRead MoreFacebook Use And College Gpa1257 Words   |  6 PagesInstagram. Twitter. Facebook Admit it, you know you have one or even all of these. A regular part of your daily life has become social networking sites such as these or that they have probably become part of your daily routine: wake up, check Facebook. Shower, check Instagram. Write about your day on Twitter. While Facebook, Twitter, and Instagram are easy ways to communicate with friends and family, few stop to consider t he implications its usage may have for them in the future, or the hidden dangersRead MoreSocial Networking : A Catalyst For Emotional Dysfunction1346 Words   |  6 PagesSocial Networking: A Catalyst for Emotional Dysfunction Ask yourself how much time you spend online daily. Now ask yourself what percentage of that time is spent on social networking. For most, I d wager at least 75 percent, if not more. According to google, social networking is defined as the use of dedicated websites and applications to interact with other users, or to find people with similar interests to oneself. While there are hundreds of these sites, the most frequently used and thereforeRead MoreMedia Is The Main Source Of Mass Communication877 Words   |  4 Pagesunnecessary upfront interaction, the media is every where and is ineluctable. Internet is one of the most used forms of media. It gives anyone the freedom to search anything they want. It inherits all possible means of social media, for instance: FaceBook, Twitter, Tumbler, etc. All these social networking sites spread information faster than any other form of media. Nearly 50% of people learn about breaking news on social media. Relatively, 65% of established media reporters use social media sites likeRead MoreHow Marketing Impact Our Life1514 Words   |  7 Pages How does Marketing impact our life? It is simple, Marketing is EVERYWHERE! Every single day we are besieged by commercials that give insights on many different products and services. These commercials are one of the few ways marketing impacts our lives. Marketing is a business action that promotes business products to be sold or to be use in different aspects of services. Marketing is much more than just selling and advertising, it plays an essential role in providing consumers with need/satisfyingRead MoreSocial Media And The Media1027 Words   |  5 PagesSocial media companies There are now many social media companies around today, in which most are available for users and companies around the world 24/7. Some of the main ones being Facebook, Twitter, Instagram and YouTube. The reason that these sites are so popular with advertising is because they have a massive worldwide audience in which they can instantly reach out to. Twitter alone has 284 million monthly users, supports over 35 different languages and a gigantic 500 million tweets are sentRead MoreIs Social Networking Beneficial to People?831 Words   |  3 Pages Is social networking beneficial to people? That is the question that is asked frequently today. Everything has two faces. Social networking is harmful than beneficial for the society. According to Paul Booth an assistant professor of media and cinema, social media certainly affects the way we engage with one another across all venues and ages. He says that â€Å"70% of people shift in the way we communicate rather than face to face interaction, we are tending to prefer mediated communication. We ratherRead MoreSocial Media And Its Effect On Business1388 Words   |  6 Pagesanalysed in order to draw conclusions. These elements are how Facebook revolutionized contemporary marketing approach, the effect on big brands and small businesses, Facebook’s role in a business and all the tools and strategies they offer will be presented, analysis of the businesses who include Facebook as a marketing key in their business. Comparative data will show the competiveness and efficiency between Facebook and Twitter. Facebook contemporary marketing approach is crucial. Today’s technology

The Relationship Between Human Health and the Built Environment Free Essays

Undertaking 1 Built environment is straight associated with wellness of people populating, working and playing in them and has different impact on different age groups, therefore plays critical portion in human wellness. Increasing cost of wellness, instances of diabetes, fleshiness and other diseases, deficiency of exercising due to transport vehicles domination, easy fast nutrient and limited societal assemblages due to technological promotions adds to wellness jobs in Australia. New South Wales ( NSW ) section of wellness has proposed a wellness built environment plan ( HBEP ) , which focuses on redesigning and developing built environment to better overall wellness utilizing best in category patterns and policies. We will write a custom essay sample on The Relationship Between Human Health and the Built Environment or any similar topic only for you Order Now Evidence gathered by NSW section of wellness identified deficiency of physical activity, low quality nutrient and improper communicating between communities as the taking grounds behind wellness jobs. Paper focuses on how can these hazards be lowered by modifying the built environment. HBEP plan focal points on how reinforced environment can be improved to better wellness. Discussion on benefits of increased physical activity on wellness were made along with the grounds on how reinforced environment alteration can actuate people to increase physical activity. Evidence has been provided on how political, economic, societal and policies related to construct environment can act upon physical activity positively. Critical analysis on how high residential denseness country in reinforced environment of society, distance to street markets, maintained pathwaies, along with little design elements alteration can increase degree of physical activity. A developing form in the constellation, urban arrangement, and renewing careers is one that explores how build environment helps the wellbeing issues of Australia. This position is focused around the idea that deficient eating methodological analysis and stationary life builds the danger for some unwellnesss, for illustration, cardiovascular illness, high blood pressure, colon malignance, kind 2 diabetes, osteoporosis, stalwartness, jitteriness and depression. An agreement now exists among wellbeing research workers, curative professionals and different experts that a dynamic life style lessens the danger for some ceaseless infections and/or encourages the effectual disposal of those illnesss. Inside this scene, the dynamic life development emerged a twosome of old ages prior to strike the stationary society issue. It focused on the betterment of a life style that incorporates physical action into twenty-four hours by twenty-four hours agendas, with the aim of aggregating negligibly 30 proceedingss of motion every twenty-four hours by sauntering, bicycling, working out, working in the pace, taking the steps, or take parting in some other sort of physical action. Further perceptual experience of people towards physical activity in reinforced environment was discussed and how this can be molded in support of physical activity utilizing built environment redevelopment policies was analyzed. HBEP plan besides considers built environment alteration for school and college substructures besides in order to do the new coevals accustomed with the importance of wellness every bit early as school. Overall research on societal ecological theoretical account is done sing the impact of policies related to society, political relations, built environment and economical on physical activity. Further a elaborate research on the impact of built environment on community strengthening was conducted and failings were found related to hapless self residential determination devising and carelessness of wellness variables in built environment which were so included in HBEP policy plan. Gap analysis between built environment impact on societal connexion amongst peopl e and community authorization was analyzed. HBEP policy considers bridging this spread through improved communicating between built environment section and wellness section of Australia. Paper besides reviews literatures the impact of advertisement of fast nutrients on their ingestion and how it leads to increases instances of diseases. It was found that there is no proper consideration of relationship between advertisement of bad nutrient and jobs originating due to ingestion of that nutrient. Evidence were found by NSW section of wellness that built environment of schools besides had no proviso of commanding advertisement of fast nutrients around school campuses. It was found that reinforced environment policy did non had any methodological analysis to see the impact of hapless nutrient handiness on the wellness. HBEP proposes a qualitative and quantitative survey to understand the relationship with nutrient in reinforced environment of schools and even residences and advance good nutrient within the environment. Exploration is needed on all parts of the based environment ‘s consequence on sound nourishment debut in Australia. While assorted immense graduated table surveies have been attempted appraising handiness of less than great nutriment, their consequences need to be farther investigated through complex quantitative and qualitative analysis. Advancement of an mixture of socially huffy geographic expedition embraced in diverse urban metropoliss and towns will allow more reliable generalisations to underpin attack. Further paper proposes that making a healthy built environment must be taken attention of critically through better communicating and apprehension, choice leading and relationship edifice. This paper unites a proof base of bing scrutiny to rede solid nature ‘s sod attacks and motions. It similarly helps to the identii ¬?cation of parts of geographic expedition in which reinforced environment policy deficiencies. The Survey ‘s cardinal message is that there is a solid relationship between persons ‘ well-being and built environment and this relationship is really complex. This paper talks about the undertakings, which need to considered in reinforced environment policy of Australia so that healthy environments can be built and jobs can be lowered. Social interaction are determiners of good wellness This statement was mentioned on page 75 of paper and was raised in order to better the societal interactions amongst community people so that reinforced environment can be socially healthy. I wholly agree with this statement in the context of the paper and otherwise. Social interactions improves information flow between people, which can be good for the society as affairs like hapless nutrient around the built environment, cleanliness of workplace, residential society and other topographic points which can impact wellness. It will besides farther better the overall quality of physical and societal environment in communities therefore beef uping the good wellness. Majority of people who will profit from societal interaction are old age people who non so frequently acquire opportunities to socialise. Harmonizing to a study done by University of Rochester medical centre, people who frequently socialize more than other does, populate more and happy ( University of Rochester, 2014 ) . Apa rt from that, there are many wellness advantages of societal interaction, which are discussed below to farther back up the statement: – Frequently people who socially interact have low blood force per unit area degrees than people who do non interact frequently. Low hazard of Alzheimer’s Can assist one overcome solitariness and depression. Less or no hazard of malignant neoplastic disease and cardiovascular related jobs. Everybody needs to experience idolized and upheld peculiarly as we develop more seasoned. As we age, comrades truly might be line of lifes. Social interaction, offering, being in contact with other people who have dynamic, included lives gives populating a ground. Offer to comrades Plutos duplicate the delectations and separation the hurts. Vast, augmented households that were on a regular basis accessible for endorsing are presently less. The sum of one-person household units has expanded. Persons on a regular basis move a long manner from their households to work or vacate. In any instance remaining associated with household, comrades and exercisings has ne’er been more critical. A few surveies report fewer colds, lower circulatory strain and lower bosom rates in members with solid societal ties. Detail indicates that matrimony, possibly the strongest tie, adds old ages to future. Furthermore, self-destruction, emotional instability and spirits maltreatment rates are much lo wer when persons interact socially on a higher degree ( Gold, 1999 ) . Another survey from the US recommends that societal coaction ought to be viewed as an indispensable component for turning lifetime, on a criterion with other wellbeing and lifestyle constituents, to the grade that low societal connexion hurts life span to the extent that liquor dependence and smoke, has more consequence than absence of activity, and is twice every bit destructive as fleshiness ( Louv, 2012 ) . Analysts at Brigham Young University ( BYU ) in Provo, Utah, directed a meta-examination of distributed surveies and found that holding societal ties with comrades, household, neighbours and associates can heighten our opportunities of endurance by 50 for every penny. You can read about their survey online in a paper distributed in the July issue of PLOS Medicine. Mentions: – Louv R. , 2012, Health benefits to kids from contact with the out-of-doorss and nature, [ Online ] , Available from: – hypertext transfer protocol: //www.childrenandnature.org/downloads/CNNHealthBenefits2012.pdf [ Accessed on 13th June, 2014 ] University of Rochester, 2014, Older grownups and importance of societal interaction, [ Online ] , Available from: – hypertext transfer protocol: //www.urmc.rochester.edu/encyclopedia/content.aspx? ContentTypeID=1 A ; ContentID=4513 [ Accessed on 13ThursdayJune, 2014 ] Gold E. , 1999, Benefits of societal interaction, [ Online ] , Available from: – hypertext transfer protocol: //www.valueoptions.com/april06_newsletter/benefits_of_social_interactions.htm [ Accessed on 13th June,2014 ] How to cite The Relationship Between Human Health and the Built Environment, Essay examples

Double Standard Of Masculinity In Gender Role free essay sample

Socialization Essay, Research Paper Masculinity is a subject that has been debated in our society extensively, through research every bit good as in informal scenes. Many wonder what it means to be masculine, and if we can truly delegate a definition to such a subjective term. After all, shouldn # 8217 ; t one # 8217 ; s own perceptual experience be the determiner of what constitutes maleness? This self-construction would be the ideal in our society, but unluckily, it represents a false belief. Masculinity has certain features assigned to it by our civilization. In this paper I will research the many aspects of maleness and demonstrate how certain beliefs refering to it are perpetuated in our society. I will besides uncover many of the contradictions between society # 8217 ; s assigned definition of maleness and the outlook that males will somehow larn how to move contrary to that assigned and learned significance. Definition of Masculinity Work forces are chiefly and secondarily socialized into believing certain features are unequivocal in finding their manfulness and maleness. These features range from non shouting when they get hurt to being and playing violently. The socialisation of maleness in our society begins every bit early as the first phases of babyhood. A kid # 8217 ; s burgeoning sense of ego or self-concept is a consequence of the battalion of thoughts, attitudes, behaviours, and beliefs to which he is exposed ( Witt 1997 ) . Subsequently in this paper the inquiry of whether there are familial factors will be discussed. However, to foster my statement at this point, I will discuss maleness as it is socially defined. From the beginning of a male child # 8217 ; s life he is socialized into the belief that he should be # 8216 ; tough # 8217 ; . Often when male childs get hurt, # 8217 ; grate their articulatio genus # 8217 ; , or come wailing to their female parent or male parent, the doomed words, # 8220 ; Little boys wear # 8217 ; t call # 8221 ; , publish Forth. Children internalise parental messages sing gender at an early age, with consciousness of grownup sex function differences being found in two-year-old kids. One survey found that kids at two and a half old ages of age usage gender stereotypes in negociating their universe and are likely to generalise gender stereotypes to a assortment of activities, objects, and businesss ( Witt 1997 ) . This legitimization Teachs males that male childs and work forces are non allowed to shout. There besides exists the belief that male childs are frequently required to make # 8216 ; work forces # 8217 ; s work # 8217 ; outside of the place such as cut downing the lawn, cleaning the garage, etc. , and non # 8217 ; effeminate adult females # 8217 ; s work # 8217 ; such as cookery and cleansing, etc. Other factors help to perpetuate certain criterions expected of work forces and male childs ( Stearns 1990 ) . The force male child # 8217 ; s informant on telecasting farther legitimates this belief. Katz explains that advertisement imagination equates maleness with force. For male child this means aggression is instrumental in that it enables them to set up their maleness ( Katz 1995 ) . Lee Bowker researched the influence advertizements have on young person. He asserts that plaything advertisements having merely boys depict aggressive behaviour. Queerly, the aggressive behaviour by and large consequences in positive effects more frequently than negative. Bowker besides looked at commercials with male childs that contain mentions to domination. The consequences of all the commercials indicate that 68.6 % of the commercials positioned toward male childs contain incidents of verbal and physical aggression. There was no cross? gender show of aggressive behaviour. Interestingly, non one single-sex commercial featuring misss shows any act of aggression ( Bowker 1998 ) . This research helps explicate that it is non merely the support of close caretakers to the kid that legitimate maleness but society as a whole ( utilizing the telecasting as a symbol of society and it # 8217 ; s desires ) . Another illustration of how this can be reinforced even by adult females who may or may non be seeking to proclaim such a belief is with an experience I had turning up: When I would acquire a cut or a contusion, I would rally up all the strength I had to non shout. I feared that if I cried I wouldn # 8217 ; t be worthy of being a tough child. On one juncture I had a terrible cut in my articulatio genus that required several stitches. When I took a expression at the lesion after turn overing up my pant leg, my first disposition was to interrupt out shouting. However, at that minute my instructor told me what a brave male child I was and how astonied she was that I was non shouting. She likely did non recognize that she was directing a message to me that if I cried I would non be tough plenty, and hence I would non go a existent adult male. Sports is another type of legitimation that reinforces society # 8217 ; s definition of maleness. Boys watch how their male parents dote and fawn over # 8216 ; the game # 8217 ; , whether it is football, hoops, or any other athletics that epitomizes maleness. Children notice that the # 8216 ; work forces # 8217 ; on Television impress pa and they want to be like that. This initial reinforcing stimulus is a major drift for male childs desiring to larn sports ( Thompson 1995 ) . It may non be merely that pa watches sports on Television, but besides in talking with his boy, he may promote him to develop his athletic art. He can make this in ways such as purchasing him a baseball baseball mitt so they can pass clip playing gimmick, or purchasing him other # 8216 ; masculine # 8217 ; athletic equipment such as guns. All of these factors serve as primary socialisers in transfusing within boys the desire to stand out physically. Similarly, how frequently are immature male childs seen viing with each other in motorcycle races, Acts of the Apostless of physical strength or even in something every bit simple as # 8220 ; My pa can crush up your pa? # 8221 ; Little male childs are taught to see physical art as the ideal. An interesting facet of maleness is that we are non taught so much to be # 8220 ; manfully # 8221 ; but instead to non be feminine. Most of what a immature male child learns about what it means to be masculine is presented to him at such an early phase that he accepts it as an inevitable truth. Often immature male childs can be found twit and even actuating each other with phrases like # 8220 ; Don # 8217 ; t be a ( pantywaist ) miss # 8221 ; or # 8220 ; Merely misss do that. # 8221 ; It seems that there is a permeant fright among all males that the worst possible abuse is to be labeled a female. William Betcher studies that some societies take this construct to an extreme. He talks of the induction rites of the Sambia of New Guinea stating, # 8220 ; Initiation rites Begin when male childs are seven to ten old ages old and include unwritten consumption of older male childs # 8217 ; seeds and painful hemorrhage by lodging grass reeds up the olfactory organ. The hemorrhage is a opposite number of menses and seeds is ingested alternatively of female parent # 8217 ; s milk # 8221 ; ( Betcher 1993 ) . Although these actions seek to tag the male child as # 8220 ; non a adult female # 8221 ; , ironically they incorporate basic feminine biologic maps that work forces lack. Secondary socialisation so acts in the subsequently phases of a male child # 8217 ; s life to reaffirm society # 8217 ; s beliefs about maleness. As male childs grow older, their organic structures develop and they enter junior high and high school. At this point they begin to truly understand that physical art and largess are the ideal. To see how this is done, we can merely expression at the accent given to sports versus the accent given to faculty members in public schools. Intelligibly, how schools emphasize sports over faculty members is traveling to hold some influence over the manner immature work forces think and visualise the importance of physical art, but the true legitimator is how jocks are seen by the pupil? organic structure of the school. Pep mass meetings are thrown to back up the # 8216 ; athletes # 8217 ; , the # 8217 ; stars # 8217 ; of the school. Girls faint over the masculine ‘hunks’ . As immature male childs move into maturity they are told to # 8220 ; be work forces # 8221 ; when confronted with a formidable challenge or when they face some kind of torment. The deduction in this phrase is that work forces should be immune to trouble and non demo any emotion. To demo emotion would be a mark of failing and society would see them as abnormal or inferior ( Pollack 1995 ) . I have covered the socialisation procedure demoing how physical art is objectified and legitimated in males. This procedure, nevertheless, does non stop in high school. As work forces move into their mid-twentiess and mid-thirtiess, wellness and fittingness become issues of concern. To see how wellness and fittingness are socially defined as excessively muscular work forces, one demand merely pick up a transcript of Men # 8217 ; s Health. Invariably you will happen on the screen, work forces flashing their toned, muscular organic structures, and frequently you will happen them with a temptingly beautiful and toned adult female by their side. These toned and muscled work forces are seen and depicted by society as the ideal. They may non be the healthy persons and likely are non. However, they are deemed as the # 8216 ; ideal work forces # 8217 ; of our society. Along with the accent on wellness and fittingness comes the continued coming of athletic art. How frequently are work forces asked # 8220 ; Did you see the game last dark? # 8221 ; or # 8220 ; How about them Jazz? # 8221 ; In the work topographic point and societal groupings, work forces frequently turn the subject of conversation to athletic events, enthralled and enraptured by the subject. From the beginning of male life to the really end, society has determined that work forces must be strong, tough, distant, and powerful to be considered masculine and non weak or effeminate. Is this all that society ( and adult females ) want in work forces? Do they desire simple-minded # 8216 ; hunks # 8217 ; of muscular structure that are # 8216 ; tough # 8217 ; . It is no longer sufficient for work forces to merely be # 8216 ; tough # 8217 ; physically. They must besides show competency intellectually, spiritually and emotionally. This statement is non to state that being physically fit and healthy is a negative characteristic, but instead it is merely seeking to indicate out that what society is specifying as the ideal is subsequently revoked by that same society, or at the really least cast-off and seen as secondary to the truly of import mental art, sensitiveness and intelligence. This is where the dual criterion becomes evident. William Pollack, a Harvard clinical psychologist, negotiations about how males have been put in a # 8220 ; gender straitjacket # 8221 ; that leads to anger, desperation and frequently force. Pollack provinces, # 8220 ; We ask them ( work forces ) to take a whole scope of feelings and emotions and put those behind a mask. . . We tell them they have to stand on their ain two pess and we shame them if they show any emotion. # 8221 ; Pollack says that male childs are shame phobics and # 8220 ; some will [ even ] putting to death to avoid shame # 8221 ; ( Gwartney 1998 ) . It appears that the criterion defined by society allows work forces to show their emotion merely through choler. With such rigorous conflicting outlooks, a male frequently doesn # 8217 ; t cognize how to move. Rigid stereotypes have been emphasized to them from an early age of what it means to truly be a adult male. However, work forces are frequently criticized for being one dimensional in their behaviour and emotions. They are expected by society to be sensitive and demo their emotions. # 8220 ; Men are so insensitive! # 8221 ; # 8216 ; Are they? Why do adult females believe work forces are so insensitive? Do they recognize that insensitiveness is what work forces have been taught their whole lives? Realistically, work forces are in a no? win state of affairs. If they don # 8217 ; t demo their emotions, they are berated for being detached from the kernel of what truly constitutes a human being. On the other manus, if a male decides to expose his emotions, he is labeled as a # 8220 ; sissy # 8221 ; and non viewed as equal to other males who demonstrate more heroism and courage. Geneticss vs. Socialization Why do we take bluish for male childs and tap for misss? Why do we hold misss take dance and male childs play baseball? There is no familial difference as to why adult females would make laundry and a adult male would cut down the lawn. This is a consequence of externalisation ( Bowker 1998 ) . But are males more prone to # 8216 ; toughness # 8217 ; and maleness than adult females? Could it be said that genetic sciences play a factor in what is so frequently considered to be a socially defined facet of male maleness? In general, males are much more aggressive than females. Biologists and anthropologists would suggest that this is because worlds have evolved from a polygamous society. In that society males competed difficult to reproduce, and females worked to raise and back up the immature. These functions demanded aggression in males, and promoted regulations such as hierarchy, competition and laterality. A theory promulgated by David Buss takes into consideration the societal side of aggression while keeping that biological inherent aptitudes are the implicit in cause. He suggests in his book The Evolution of Desire that the being of big Numberss of work forces who can non pull a mate may increase sexual aggression and colza. He states that # 8220 ; force is frequently the resort of people who lack resources that would otherwise elicit voluntary conformity with their wishes. # 8221 ; Rape occurs more frequently by work forces who lack the position and resources that adult females want in couples ( Buss 1994 ) . Richard Wrangham and Dale Petersen take another position with their insightful article about Primatess. From their research they conclude that a high per centum of couplings were forced sexual intercourses. These findings were largely with the orangutan species, but there is besides grounds that Pan troglodytess and ducks participate in what appears to be colza. The theories suggest that natural choice has favored colza as a manner for smaller males to infuse females. This theory has besides been argued with worlds. Thus it could be said that males are genetically prone to force and aggression ( Wrangham 1997 ) . Decision Is there a dual criterion in maleness? It is evident through my statements that society expects work forces to be both # 8216 ; tough # 8217 ; and # 8216 ; soft # 8217 ; while some might reason that genetic sciences, inherent aptitudes and their animalistic nature for work forces to move more tough than soft. The paradox is apparent, the beginning equivocal. Regardless, maleness is an unrealistic outlook of work forces. Who or what are they supposed to be? Bibliography Betcher, William R. et Al. ( 1993 ) In a clip of fallen Heroes. New York, NY, Macmillan Publishing Company. Bowker, Lee H. ( 1998 ) Masculinities and Violence. Thousand Oaks, CA, Sage Publications, Inc. Buss, David. ( 1994 ) The Development of Desire. New York, NY, St. Martin # 8217 ; s Press, Inc. Gwartney, Debra. ( October 17, 1998 ) # 8220 ; Double bind of male childs concerns psychologists. # 8221 ; Oregon Times. Katz, Jackson. ( 1995 ) # 8220 ; Advertising and the Construction of Violent White Masculinity # 8221 ; In Dines, Gail and Humez, Jean. ( Eds. ) Gender, Race and Class in Media. Thousand Oaks, CA, Sage Publications. Pollack, William. ( 1995 ) # 8220 ; Deconstructing Dis-identification: Rethinking psychoanalytic Concepts of male development. # 8221 ; Psychoanalysis and Psychotherapy. 12 ( 1 ) 30-45. Stearns, Peter N. ( 1990 ) Be A Man! Males in Modern Society. New York, NY, Holmes A ; Meier Publishers, Inc. Thompson, Neil. ( 1995 ) # 8220 ; Men and Anti-Sexism # 8221 ; British Journal of Social Work. 25 ( 4 ) 459-475. Witt, Susan D. ( 1997 ) # 8220 ; Parental influence on kids # 8217 ; s socialisation to gender roles. # 8221 ; Adolescence. 32 ( 126 ) 253-257. Wrangham R. et Al. ( 1997 ) Relationship Violence in Demonic Males. New York, NY, Routledge.